Pelvic examinations and diagnostic tests for cervical cancerFebruary 27, 2025
A thorough assessment of the reproductive health is a crucial step in identifying potential issues early on.
When women go for a pelvic examination as part of cervical cancer diagnostics, they can expect a thorough assessment of their reproductive health. It's a crucial step in identifying potential issues early on.
Several diagnostic tests are available for diagnosing cervical cancer. However, it is essential to note that not all tests are applicable to every individual. The following tests may be done in diagnosing cervical cancer: Pelvic examination This test is used to check for any unusual changes in the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and other nearby areas. Pap smear test For this test, samples of cells are scraped from both the outer and inner surfaces of the cervix for testing. Human papillomavirus (HPV) typing test HPV can be divided into two categories: high-risk and low-risk. High-risk HPV, such as HPV16 and HPV18, are strains that are seen more often in people with cervical cancer. A positive result on the HPV test indicates the presence of high-risk HPV. Colposcopy This test involves using a special instrument called a colposcope to magnify the cells of the cervix and vagina, operating much like a microscope. It gives the doctor a well-lit, magnified view of the tissues in the vagina and cervix, facilitating the process of taking accurate biopsies. Biopsy A biopsy involves the extraction of a small tissue sample for microscopic examination, aiding in the definitive diagnosis process. It can be:
LEEP, LLETZ, and cone biopsy may also be used as a treatment to remove a pre-cancer or early-stage cancer. Staging of cervical cancer Once cervical cancer is diagnosed, the staging of the cancer is done. Staging is a way of determining the location of the cancer, the extent of the cancer, including whether it has spread and its impact on other parts of the body. Cervical cancer ranges from stage one to stage four. Stage one is when the cancer has spread from the cervix lining into the deeper tissues but remains localized within the cervix without spreading to other parts of the body. Conversely, stage four is when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. From diagnosis to recovery The choice of treatment is determined by factors such as test results, cancer stage, patient's age, overall health, and plans for having children, if any. The most common treatment for cervical cancer is surgery or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy or both. Surgery is typically advised for women with a tumor localized in the cervix. The main type of surgery is a hysterectomy, which is an operation to remove the uterus and the cervix. Other organs of the reproductive system or the lymph glands on the side wall of the pelvis may also be removed during surgery. A less common surgery is trachelectomy, which involves the removal of part or all of the cervix alongside the upper part of the vagina. This option may be considered for young women diagnosed with early-stage cancer who wish to preserve the possibility of having children. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or impede their growth. This treatment option can be considered if the cancer is advanced or has returned after treatment. Sometimes, chemotherapy is combined with radiation therapy, also known as chemoradiation. Lastly, radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, utilizes X-rays to eliminate or impair cancer cells, specifically targeting the affected areas of the body. Vigilance beyond treatment Follow-up care typically includes a review of clinical history and a physical examination, which involves a pelvic examination and a smear of the vagina. Additionally, a crucial aspect of follow-up care involves monitoring for recurrence. Recurrent cancer is defined as the return of cancer post-treatment. It can return at the same place (local recurrence), nearby parts (regional recurrence), or in other parts of the body (distant recurrence). In the event of recurrence, a new round of testing will be done to gather comprehensive insights before devising a new treatment plan. Thriving through cancer Cancer can impose both physical and emotional strains, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing well-being. Navigating through cancer challenges involves embracing various approaches, including:
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Self-sampling HPV test to eliminate cervical cancer in MalaysiaRemoving Obstacles to cervical Screening' or R.O.S.E. project integrates self-sampling, HPV testing and e-health technology.
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