When mental illness is mistaken for demonic possession

December 12, 2018

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This notion of possession, in which a person becomes demonised, possessed or controlled by a demon is still present in many beliefs today.

For centuries, mental illness was often viewed through a lens of superstition and moral judgment. Many cultures believed that mental disturbances were the result of possession by evil spirits, moral weaknesses, or punishments from divine beings. This perception led to the development of magical therapies and rituals aimed at treating those afflicted.

The influence of the Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, the church played a pivotal role in shaping the treatment of mental illness. Exorcism, shrines, and the veneration of saints became central to healing practices. For example, in 16th-century Europe, individuals believed to be possessed would undergo exorcisms performed by priests, who sought to drive out demons through prayers and rituals. Such practices were common and reflected the prevailing belief that mental illness was a supernatural affliction.

Persistence of the possession belief
The notion of possession persists in various cultures today. In many communities, individuals experiencing mental health crises are still viewed as being controlled by malevolent forces. Families and religious leaders often resort to exorcism as a means of healing, perpetuating the cycle of misunderstanding surrounding mental illness.

Modern understanding of mental illness
However, Datin Dr Ang Kim Teng, past president of the Malaysian Mental Health Association, challenges these outdated beliefs. She emphasizes that mental illness is a complex issue that is frequently misunderstood.

"Mental illness is often misrepresented. Those suffering are commonly perceived as restless, violent, and unpredictable. While these behaviors can occur, the underlying causes of mental disturbances remain unclear," she explains.

Dr Ang highlights that mental illnesses vary widely in severity, duration, and impact. They can disrupt an individual’s thinking, feelings, and behavior, making everyday life challenging.

Symptoms and causes
Some common symptoms of mental illness may include:

Mood changes: Fluctuations in emotional state, leading to irritability or sadness.
Social isolation: Withdrawal from social interactions and relationships.
Panic attacks: Physical manifestations such as difficulty breathing, palpitations, and sweating.
Bizarre behaviors: Actions that may seem irrational, including delusions or talking to oneself.
Self-harm or suicidal tendencies: Dangerous behaviors that require immediate attention.

Dr Ang notes that these behaviors often stem from emotional stress, difficulties in coping with conflict, or adjusting to adverse life events. Other contributing factors can include biochemical imbalances, substance abuse, and the deterioration of brain cells, particularly in elderly individuals.

The historical perspective on mental illness has evolved significantly from the days of demon possession and exorcism to a more nuanced understanding of mental health. By fostering awareness and promoting education, society can move towards a more compassionate approach to mental illness, recognizing it as a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors rather than a moral failing or supernatural affliction.

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