Foodborne illness not just limited to bacterial viruses and parasites but toxins too 

April 8, 2019
Healthcaretoday, Food poisoning, foodborne illness, contaminated food, toxic food, lead poisoning, cat litter,
The severity between food poisoning is far worse than gastroenteritis.
By Dr Patricia Lim Su Lyn,
Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist,
KPJ Tawakkal Specialist Hospital
Foodborne illness, commonly known as food poisoning, occurs when individuals consume contaminated, spoiled, or toxic food. This health concern can affect anyone, leading to a range of symptoms and complications that can vary in severity.

Common symptoms of food poisoning
The symptoms of food poisoning typically manifest within hours or days after consuming contaminated food. The most prevalent symptoms include:
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Fever
These symptoms can significantly disrupt daily life, leading to discomfort and, in some cases, serious health complications.

Diverse causes of food poisoning
Food poisoning is not solely attributed to bacterial infections; it can also result from viruses, parasites, and toxins. In some instances, the exact cause may remain unidentified, complicating treatment and prevention efforts.

Bacterial causes
Bacteria are the most common culprits behind food poisoning. Notable examples include:
  • Escherichia coli (E. coli): Often found in undercooked beef and contaminated produce, E. coli can lead to severe gastrointestinal distress.
  • Salmonella: Frequently associated with raw poultry and eggs, Salmonella infections can result in serious health issues.

Parasitic causes
While less common than bacterial infections, parasites can also lead to foodborne illness. One of the most frequently encountered parasites is toxoplasma, which is often transmitted through contaminated food or surfaces, particularly from cat litter. Individuals who do not practice good hygiene after handling cat litter may inadvertently ingest this parasite, posing significant risks, especially to those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with diabetes or cancer.

Viral causes
Food poisoning can also be caused by viruses, such as:
  • Norovirus: Also known as the Norwalk virus, this highly contagious virus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis and can be transmitted through contaminated food and surfaces.
  • Rotavirus and Hepatitis A: Both can result in severe gastrointestinal symptoms and are serious health concerns.

The severity of food poisoning
Food poisoning can have more severe consequences than gastroenteritis, particularly when toxins are involved. For instance, lead poisoning can occur through contaminated water, often from industrial sources. Living near factories that handle batteries may expose individuals to lead leaching into the water supply. Poor sanitation can exacerbate this issue, leading to serious health risks. Symptoms of lead poisoning can range from mild gastrointestinal discomfort, such as diarrhea and stomach cramps, to severe conditions, including bloody diarrhea.

Dehydration: A major concern
Dehydration is a significant risk associated with food poisoning, affecting all age groups, including children and adults. Continuous vomiting and diarrhea can lead to severe fluid loss, and patients may not recognize the need for hydration. This lack of awareness can result in dangerous complications, such as shock or collapse, necessitating immediate medical intervention.

Treatment options
Replenishing lost fluids is crucial for recovery from food poisoning. For mild cases, oral rehydration solutions can effectively restore hydration levels. However, in cases of severe dehydration, hospitalization may be required for intravenous (IV) fluids and monitoring.

Foodborne illness remains a prevalent public health issue, with various causes and potential complications. Awareness of the symptoms, causes, and treatment options is essential for prevention and effective management. Practicing good hygiene, safe food handling, and being mindful of food sources can significantly reduce the risk of food poisoning and its associated health impacts.

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