Understanding triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)March 25, 2024
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) stands out as a particularly aggressive form of breast cancer, particularly impacting women below the age of 40. "In Malaysia, where breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women of major ethnic groups, TNBC accounts for a significant portion of cases, ranging from 12.4% to 17.6%. Understanding the nature of TNBC is crucial, as it grows rapidly, tends to spread early, and is more prone to recurrence post-treatment," says Dr Jennifer Leong, Consultant Clinical Oncologist.
TNBC: A different breed of breast cancer TNBC differs from other breast cancers due to the absence of certain receptors typically found in breast tissue and cancer cells, including estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) receptors, and HER2 protein. This unique characteristic poses challenges in treatment, as standard therapies targeting these receptors are ineffective against TNBC. Treatment approaches for triple-negative breast cancer Surgical interventions: Lumpectomy and mastectomy Patients with TNBC typically undergo surgical procedures such as lumpectomy or mastectomy to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue. Lumpectomy involves removing the tumor while preserving the breast, whereas mastectomy involves complete removal of the breast. Lymph node removal is often performed to assess the spread of cancer. Adjuvant therapies: Chemotherapy and radiation Following surgery, patients may undergo chemotherapy to eradicate any remaining cancer cells. Radiation therapy is often administered after lumpectomy to target residual cancer cells in the breast. Chemotherapy aims to eliminate cancer cells that may have spread to other parts of the body. Emerging treatment modalities: Immunotherapy Dr Jennifer emphasizes that while traditional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation remain standard, advancements in immunotherapy offer new hope for TNBC patients. Immunotherapy, among other innovative therapies, presents promising avenues for treatment, providing patients with renewed optimism in their battle against TNBC. Managing treatment side effects Chemotherapy often induces side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and fatigue. While hair loss can be distressing, it is usually temporary, with hair regrowth occurring after treatment. Medications can alleviate nausea, and most side effects diminish within weeks after therapy cessation. Long-term effects of treatment may include lymphedema, characterized by swelling due to impaired lymphatic drainage, and skin changes resulting from radiation therapy. Proper management strategies prescribed by healthcare providers can mitigate these effects and enhance patients' quality of life. Individuals with a family history of breast cancer may benefit from genetic counseling and testing. Identifying genetic mutations associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, including TNBC, enables proactive measures for early detection and intervention. |
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