Traditional Indian martial arts: A force for health and well-beingJuly 26, 2024
Martial arts, rooted in ancient traditions, represent a complex system of combat, self-defense, and weaponry that has evolved across different civilizations. These practices are more than just physical exercises; they embody a philosophy and way of life that promotes discipline, mental fortitude, and holistic health. The origins of these martial arts are deeply embedded in the history of various countries, particularly in India, where traditional martial arts have not only shaped the country's culture but also influenced martial arts across Southeast Asia.
Historical roots and global influence India’s contribution to martial arts dates back to ancient times. As detailed by P.C. Chakravati in his seminal work, "The Art of War in Ancient India," Indian armies utilized an array of weapons, including spears, swords, and shields, during the invasion of India by Alexander the Great. These traditional Indian martial arts played a significant role in shaping the techniques and philosophies of other martial arts systems across Asia. Countries such as Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka have their unique martial arts traditions, including Bando, Silat, Escrima, Muay Thai, Bokator, and Angampora, respectively. According to Dr Prabakaran Arulanandam (pix), Vice President of the Association of Integrative Medicine Malaysia (AIMM), these practices may have been influenced by traditional Indian martial arts, particularly through the teachings of Bodhidharma, a Buddhist monk credited with founding the Shaolin school of Chinese martial arts. "While some scholars dispute this claim, Bodhidharma’s influence on the spread of martial arts across Southeast Asia is widely acknowledged, highlighting the far-reaching impact of Indian martial arts," he said when speaking on traditional Indian martial arts - the scientific benefits for non-communicable diseases at the Association of Integrative Medicine Malaysia (AIMM)’s 5th International Integrative Medicine Conference 2024, themed "Healthspan - The Science and Art of Wellbeing. The suppression and revival of Indian martial arts During the 18th and 19th centuries, traditional Indian martial arts like Silambam faced significant challenges, particularly under British colonial rule. The British banned Silambam and Kalaripayattu, fearing their effectiveness in combat as many British soldiers were defeated by practitioners of these arts. However, these arts survived in secrecy, practiced in the jungles of India until the country gained independence. Following independence, the Indian government legalized these traditional practices, allowing them to flourish once again. The eight pillars of Indian martial arts India is home to a rich variety of traditional martial arts, with eight prominent forms. Among these, Kalaripayattu from Kerala and Silambam from Tamil Nadu are the most renowned. Kalaripayattu, known as one of the oldest fighting systems, is a comprehensive martial art that includes strikes, kicks, grappling, and weaponry techniques. With a history spanning 3,000 years, it remains a symbol of Indian martial prowess. Silambam shares a similar ancient lineage, dating back 3,000 to 5,000 years. This weapon-based martial art utilizes staffs, sticks, and swords, and has a deep connection with the traditional medical systems of Siddha medicine and Ayurveda. Silambam’s focus on vital points and pressure points, known as Varma Kalai, highlights its sophisticated understanding of the human body. Other notable Indian martial arts include Gatka (Punjab), Thang Ta (Manipur), Mardani Khel (Maharashtra), Lathi Khela (West Bengal), and Musti Yuddha (Varanasi), each with its unique weapons and techniques. These martial arts not only serve as methods of self-defense but also as a means of preserving cultural heritage and promoting physical and mental well-being. Silambam in Malaysia: A cultural and competitive force In Malaysia, Silambam is the most practiced traditional Indian martial art, boasting over 10,000 practitioners. It has even been established as a performance art in the Malaysian Sukma Games. Silambam’s origins can be traced back to the Sangam period, between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, when it was a warrior martial art used by Indian armies for warfare and combat. Two distinct forms of Silambam are practiced in Malaysia: the combat form and the performing arts form. The combat form, which is still taught to the UTP police commando unit and other security forces, focuses on warfare techniques. In contrast, the performing arts form, often showcased in exhibitions, emphasizes the aesthetic and cultural aspects of Silambam. Silambam requires exceptional mind-body coordination, single-minded focus, and precise footwork. Its close relationship with Kalaripayattu and Kuthuvarisai further underscores its importance as a traditional martial art. These practices, deeply rooted in Indian history, have played a crucial role in the country’s struggle for independence and continue to be celebrated for their cultural significance. The connection between martial arts and traditional medicine Traditional Indian martial arts are not only about combat; they are also deeply intertwined with the country’s ancient medical systems. The Ayurvedic principles that guide these martial arts focus on the knowledge of vital points (Varmam), which can be manipulated for both harm and healing. This knowledge was historically used to treat injuries sustained during training, with masters using specific points to heal their students. Students of martial arts such as Kalaripayattu and Silambam were traditionally trained in both combat and the principles of Siddha medicine, including Ayurvedic diet, yoga, stretching exercises, breath control, and massage techniques. This holistic approach to training ensured that martial artists were not only physically strong but also possessed a deep understanding of their bodies and how to maintain their health. Combatting non-communicable diseases (NCDs) with martial arts Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing global health concern. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs kill 41 million people annually, accounting for over 71% of all global deaths. In Malaysia, the prevalence of NCDs such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity is alarmingly high, with significant implications for public health. Traditional Indian martial arts offer a unique approach to combating NCDs. While all forms of exercise can reduce the risk of these diseases, martial arts provide specific benefits. They can be practiced for self-defense, competition, physical health, fitness, entertainment, mental and spiritual development, and artistic expression. Martial arts like Kalarichikilsa, a medicinal practice within Kalaripayattu, offer therapeutic benefits, particularly in treating sports injuries and bone-related issues. The practice of martial arts contributes to improved cardiovascular health, reduced blood glucose levels, and enhanced muscle tone, strength, and flexibility. Furthermore, martial arts training improves mental health by enhancing focus, concentration, and memory, reducing stress, and promoting the release of endorphins and serotonin, which are essential for pain management and overall well-being. The spiritual dimension of martial arts Beyond the physical and mental benefits, traditional Indian martial arts offer significant spiritual advantages. Through practices such as meditation, mindfulness, and prayer, practitioners develop self-awareness, inner peace, and a sense of belonging to a community. This spiritual aspect of martial arts fosters a deep connection with one’s cultural heritage and promotes a holistic approach to health and well-being. Studies have shown that martial arts can help prevent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The discipline, self-confidence, and resilience cultivated through martial arts practice also help individuals navigate life’s challenges with courage and determination. Traditional Indian martial arts are a treasure trove of knowledge, blending physical, mental, and spiritual practices that have stood the test of time. As modern society grapples with the rise of NCDs and mental health challenges, the ancient wisdom embedded in these martial arts offers valuable insights into holistic health and well-being. By preserving and promoting these practices, we can continue to benefit from their profound impact on our lives, both as individuals and as a global community. |
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